https://www.engineegroup.us/journals/journal-of-civil-engineering-and-environmental-sciences A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 09 Dec, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-197.php The hilada technique, a type of cob preserved in Pacopampa, represents an appreciated link to pre-Columbian construction traditions and a unique opportunity to revitalize ancestral knowledge in contemporary architecture. Its study not only enables the reconstruction of forgotten building methods but also provides a tool to address the challenges of sustainable development. Although pre-Columbian construction technology remains enigmatic due to the absence of historical records, research in communities like Pacopampa uncovers traditional practices that bridge the past and present. The hilada technique, noted for its durability and adaptability to the environment, exemplifies sustainable construction that could be integrated into modern architecture. Its application underscores the potential to merge tradition with technology, creating more responsible and environmentally respectful solutions. Rescuing and disseminating this legacy not only honors a unique cultural heritage in South America but also offers innovative perspectives on sustainability and heritage conservation. 04 Nov, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-196.php The object of research is the stress-strain state of protective and decorative coatings of external enclosing structures. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the stress-strain state of protective and decorative coatings under the action of temperature, depending on the porosity of the substrate, the thickness of the coating. The article presents the results of the calculation of stresses depending on the thickness of the paint coating, the size of the pores in the contact zone “coating-substrate”. The SCAD Office software module was used to assess the stress state of the coatings. A comparison is made of the stresses in the coating when pores of different radii are filled with a paint composition and in the absence of pore filling. It has been established that under the action of an alternating temperature in the coatings, a change in the deformed state occurs, characterized by alternation of compressive and tensile stresses. The magnitude of internal stresses decreases with decreasing coating thickness. With a decrease in the radius of the pores filled with the ink composition, the stresses in the zone of contact between the coating and the substrate decrease, and in the center of the pore filled with the ink composition, they increase. As the pore radius decreases, the difference between the stress values ​​on the coating surface and in the zone of contact between the coating and the substrate decreases. There is a change of signs of stress in the zone of contact between the coating and the substrate, and in the center of the pore filled with the ink composition. Recommendations are given for choosing the type of paint. 11 Sep, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-195.php The iron ion (Fe(III)-dependent phosphorus removal process) is frequently observed to be inefficient in current wastewater treatment technologies, particularly in the presence of organic compounds in the wastewater. However, the precise mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. In this study, the effects of different organic compounds, including citric acid, xanthate, polysorbate 80, bovine serum albumin, glucose, and starch, on the efficiency of Fe(III)-dependent phosphorus removal were investigated in depth through the use of well-designed batch experiments combined with the analytical techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The experimental results yielded a significant finding: carboxylic organics, particularly polycarboxylic organics such as citric acid, exerted a markedly greater influence on phosphorus removal efficiency than hydroxy organics, exhibiting an intensity index as high as 5 to 20 times that of other organics. Specifically, citric acid was observed to reduce the number of binding sites available for phosphate, competing with phosphate for the surface binding sites of iron hydroxyl oxides (Fe-HFOs). This resulted in a significant reduction in phosphorus removal efficiency. Furthermore, this study presents an innovative mechanistic model to elucidate the mechanism by which organic matter “seizes” the surface of Fe-HFO, leading to the reduction of phosphorus removal efficiency. This study not only enriches the theoretical basis of chemical phosphorus removal but also provides new perspectives and technical support for the pretreatment of organic matter in practical wastewater treatment. This is of great theoretical and practical significance for improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment in the future. 31 Jul, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-194.php This presents a legal comparative analysis of two predominant price mechanisms on carbon tax schemes and emissions (ETS), also known as cap-and-trade systems. As climate change accelerates due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions (BKG), governments adopt market-based tools all over the world to internalize the external effects on the environment and to promote carbon sequestration. 18 Apr, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-193.php The Jalangi River (JR), a branch of the Ganges River in Murshidabad and Nadia districts of West Bengal, India, flows into the Bhagirathi River and strengthens its lower channel, the Hooghly. The part of the Jalangi River in Nadia district (especially in the ISKCON Mayapur, Nadia surrounding river-based area) is considered for this study, which represents the river’s lower course. The key challenges are; decreasing water flow, shifting of the main channel of the Ganga, disturbing the main channel sediment quarrying from the river bank and -dry river bed, land-use changes, contamination of river water through the release of effluents into the river, garbage dumping, indicating eutrophication, and reducing the diversity of aquatic life, etc. The anthropogenic impact is mostly visible in the areas near Krishnanagar City, an enriched habitat of different flora and faunal diversity in a historic place. The biodiversity is decreasing gradually due to the oldest tourist spots where large gatherings, loud recreational events, killing of wild animals, cutting the trees, disturbing, catching, unethical human behaviours and urbanization nearby badly affected and it adversely affects the environment (Water, Sanitation and Ecology) and societal problems. To overcome it, the main aims and objectives; (i) the proper planning and awareness may regenerate the river environment. (ii) Preventing the mixing of water coming from industrial effluent, hospitals, aquaculture and agricultural effluent, and careless disposal of wastewater or soil erosion. (iii) Provide suggestions for future tourist behaviour to minimise the impact on biodiversity. It will be successful by engaging and getting scope to identify the prospects and study of management of land, water and living resources, promoting wildlife conservation and sustainable use equitably, and can also study ecosystem management. It is observed that the biodiversity of the ‘JR’ includes different aquatic animals, with fish, foxes, water monitor lizards, turtles, fishing cats, civet cats, barn owls, and even migratory birds. It may be enhanced through vegetation planning and management of water bodies and land that focus on tourist sites that can enhance the visitor experience, protect natural resources, and socio-economic benefit of local communities, and help promote the conservation of wildlife biodiversity, and research also improving “Civil-Engineering Environmental-Science World Policy”. The perfect ecological balance of fireflies with water, land and vegetation may develop any ‘Future-Socio-Economic-Eco-Tourist-Spot’. Thus, the findings suggest, “Civil-Engineering Environmental-Science May Save Jalangi-Like-Others-River For: Potential-Resources Socio-Economy Sustainable-Ecology Future-Wellbeing’s Policy!”, and “JR May Transform As Eco-Tourism Spot Focusing Ecological Foot Print Biodiversity Conservation Natural Resources Socio-Economic Management Ecosystems Improving World Environmental Policy! It needs many private financing partners for ‘Climate Transition’. 18 Apr, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-192.php In this study, an analysis of the connection between the spatial distribution of strong earthquakes (M ≥ 6.0) around the world and the Bouguer gravity anomaly gradients is made. The aim of this study is to use relatively less familiar method of the fractal analysis to reveal the relationship between the global gravity field and the regional seismicity related mainly to the subduction zones (the most powerful seismic energy emitters). For this purpose, the Bouguer gravity anomaly (BGA) field is represented as a synthetic fractal surface. The results obtained show that during the last century, more than 90% of the strong earthquakes occurred in places with maximum gradients in the Bouguer gravity values (Fractal Dimension, FD ≥ 2.6). The discussion shows differences between subduction seismic generators and other geodynamic elements emitting seismic energy like transform faults, intraplate seismic regions (for example, Tibet Plateau, Nasca Plate, Mid-Atlantic ridge, etc.). As the magnitude increases, so does the correlation between them. For earthquakes with M 7.0 - 7.9 and M 8.0 - 8.9, the relationship is 95%, and by M ≥ 9.0, even 100%. This supports the conclusion the self-similarity of the geophysical parameters and their direct connection with the Earth’s geodynamics. It is well known that the areas with high geodynamics (strong earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, etc.) cause significant environmental changes affecting populations, infrastructure, and biodiversity. 10 Apr, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-191.php High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) has transformed seed testing, quality evaluation, storage, and stress response assessment by enabling rapid, non-destructive, and high-resolution analysis of seed traits. Traditional seed evaluation methods are labour-intensive and time-consuming, whereas HTP employs advanced imaging, sensor technologies, and machine learning algorithms to assess seed morphology, physiological traits, and biochemical properties efficiently. In seed testing, HTP accelerates germination studies, vigour assessments, and stress tolerance evaluations, facilitating the identification of high-quality and resilient seed varieties. It also enhances seed storage practices by providing real-time monitoring of seed viability, detecting deterioration factors, and optimizing storage conditions. Furthermore, HTP significantly contributes to understanding seed responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. By characterizing genetic and physiological factors associated with disease resistance and environmental stress tolerance, HTP aids in breeding stress-resilient crops and optimizing seed treatments. The integration of HTP with artificial intelligence further refines predictive modelling and precision agriculture strategies, supporting climate-resilient farming and sustainable agricultural practices. This paper highlights the multifaceted role of HTP in advancing seed science, from quality assurance to stress management, underscoring its impact on agricultural productivity and genetic resource conservation. 04 Apr, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-190.php This study evaluates the impact of dedicating an existing highway lane as an Exclusive Truck Platooning Lane (ETPL). Using real-world traffic data, the analysis highlights operational efficiency and environmental benefits before and after ETPL implementation, focusing on Florida’s Strategic Intermodal System &#40;SIS&#41; corridors. The study reallocates the existing rightmost lane, prioritizing freight traffic to improve performance. Advanced simulation tools such as VISSIM and MOVES, combined with GIS-based spatial analysis, were employed to assess travel time and emissions impacts under various scenarios. These included alternate speeds, traffic volumes, and lane configurations. The results demonstrated that ETPL implementation significantly reduced travel time and emissions for freight trucks. The findings also revealed a minor increase in passenger vehicle travel time; however, the associated costs were negligible compared to the substantial savings achieved through improved freight efficiency. Emission reductions were visualized through GIS-generated heat maps across the study area, with the greatest benefits observed at lower speeds. This methodology provides actionable insights for decision-makers, identifying high-priority corridors for targeted interventions and resource allocation, ultimately enhancing traffic flow and reducing environmental impacts. 17 Jan, 2025 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-11-189.php In literature, disaster risk is usually depicted as a combination of a hazard, usually from nature, combined with vulnerability and exposure. A famous illustration of this is the fleur-de-lis, which can be found in almost all IPCC assessment reports. While such representations are easy to interpret, they fail when combined with a supposedly mathematical representation. This note shows that the usual representation, whether in the form of a figure or an equation, can be treated rigorously when two probabilities are present: the probability of a natural hazard occurring at a location where an anthropogenic hazard is present. In other words, the disaster risk is simply the product of the natural risk times the anthropogenic risk. Furthermore, the mathematical representation of a disaster risk proposed here is a guide for the implementation of disaster risk management measures. 05 Oct, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-188.php Sediment deposition in surface water bodies can have a range of significant impacts, affecting everything from the aquatic ecosystem to water quality and infrastructure. It can affect the availability of food sources for aquatic organisms; and change the physical structure of habitats, such as riverbeds and lake bottoms. It can equally smother aquatic plants and animals, leading to a decline in biodiversity. A model of the governing equations of particle motion and fluid flow was developed with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a. With a coefficient of determination of 0.99, the model result demonstrated good agreement after result validation using experimental data. According to study findings, sediments in the study area, Ele River move more slowly than sediments in the midstream which causes a high deposition of sediments at the river banks. This sediment deposition affects the irrigation system for crop production considering the ability of the sediments to block sprinkler nozzles which limits it from supplying sufficient water for the production of crops. 27 Sep, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-187.php This research investigated the corrosion inhibition potential of Mangifera Indica Peel Extract (MIPE) for mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution. The study explored the effects of extract concentration, solution temperature, and immersion time on the inhibition potential of MIPE using weight loss measurements at extract concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L, temperatures of 303 K and 323 K, and immersion times of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Experimental results showed that MIPE significantly reduced the corrosion rate of mild steel, with maximum inhibition efficiency reaching 97.26% and 94.83% at 2.0 g/L MIPE concentration and solution temperatures of 303 K and 323 K, respectively. The uninhibited mild steel experienced increased corrosion rates with rising temperatures and longer immersion times. The inhibition efficiency of MIPE improved with higher extract concentrations and immersion periods. These findings underscore the potential of MIPE as an effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor in acidic environments. 29 Aug, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-186.php In India like developing countries lot of industrial and domestic wastewater is produced in vast amounts so the treatment is a must at the treatment time producing a high amount of sewage sludge [1]. 08 Aug, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-185.php The Digital is playing an increasingly crucial role in facilitating the transition towards circular economy models. Digital technologies, in fact, offer innovative solutions to optimize the use of resources, extend the life cycle of products and close material loops. According to a report by Accenture, the adoption of digital technologies could increase resource productivity by 15% by 2030, helping to reduce CO2 emissions by 7.5%. In particular, digital platforms for asset sharing and product-as-a-service, blockchain solutions for the traceability of materials, and enabling technologies for the recovery and recycling of resources are emerging as fundamental levers to enable circular economy practices on a large scale. 31 Jul, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-184.php The condition of the rock formation and the poor stability of the type of soil mass (problematic soil) in the tunnel excavation route greatly influence the achievement of the collapse (stand-up time) that will occur. The thickness of the overburden pressure above the tunnel opening is often difficult to meet, so in the inlet zone as well as in the out-let zone, slope collapse often occurs and disrupts the work implementation schedule. On the slope of the inlet excavation location, there are also silt formations with outcroppings. Rocks from small to large sizes and there are even rock masses that are cracked so that the quality or strength of the rock is unstable when exposed to the equipment used when tunnel excavation work is carried out. This research method was carried out using an approach that corresponds to the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) value with the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) value which will provide a classification of rock classes and excavation methods. The data used in this research is rock data at the tunnel inlet of the Rukoh Dam Steering Building. From the RQD and RMR data and soil physical properties obtained in this research, analysis was carried out using the empirical approach introduced by Bieniawski. The results obtained from the in-situ test drilling work, the results of which were stored in the core box at the tunnel inlet, obtained an RQD value equal to 32.5% and an RMR value equal to 15. The RMR value shows that the rock at the tunnel inlet falls into the very category poor. With a tunnel opening as wide as 6.60 M, the stand-up time at the tunnel in-let is less than 30 minutes. 23 Jul, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-183.php This study looks into the improvement of mechanical properties in Al-7Mg-2Si-0.1Nb-based biocomposites by incorporating hybrid additions of Irvingia Wombolu Shell Particulates (IWSP) and Mangifera indica shell particulates (MISP). The biocomposites were created using the stir-casting technique. Tensile, hardness, and impact strength were used to determine the mechanical properties of the developed biocomposites. The study shows that the additions of IWSP and MISp have a significant impact on the biocomposites’ properties. The addition of hybrid 2wt% IWSP and 10wt% MISP resulted in a higher percentage elongation compared to the base alloy. The ultimate tensile strength of the biocomposites increased significantly with the addition of both IWSP and MISP, peaking at 6wt% IWSP and 6 wt% MISP. The hybrids of IWSP and MISP consistently demonstrated higher tensile strength, reaching a maximum ultimate tensile strength of 132 MPa. The hardness properties of the biocomposites improved with the addition of IWSP and MISP, with the highest values observed in hybrid combinations of 6 wt% IWSP and 6 wt% MISP. Specifically, the addition of 6wt% IWSP and 6wt% MISP resulted in a remarkable 34.9% increase in hardness. The study found that adding IWSP and MISP significantly improved the impact strength of the Al-7wt%Mg-2wt%Si-0.1wt%Nb alloy matrix, with a maximum value of 45 J at a hybrid 6 wt% IWSP and 6 wt% MISP. These findings demonstrate the ability of hybrid additions to improve the mechanical properties of Al-7Mg-2Si-0.1Nb-based biocomposites, making them a promising candidate for a variety of engineering applications. 02 Jul, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-182.php Energy consumption in commercial and residential buildings worldwide accounts for about one-third of the world’s energy and one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. If current trends continue, by 2025, buildings worldwide will be the largest consumers of global energy, using as much power as the transportation and industrial sectors combined. Recent studies have found that improving energy efficiency in buildings is the least costly way to reduce a large quantity of carbon emissions. By changing energy management practices and instituting technologies that enhance energy efficiency, building owners and managers can reduce energy consumption by up to 35%. However, energy efficiency efforts in buildings alone cannot address future demand for more energy by this sector. To achieve breakthrough solutions to this problem, it is evident that a coordinated effort in a whole-building systems approach that emphasizes the necessity of integrating renewable on-site or distributed generation and energy efficiency is required to design the buildings of the future. Several International Energy Agency (IEA) countries have adopted a vision of so-called ‘net zero energy buildings’ (NetZEBs) as the long-term goal of their energy policies. This NetZEB is very new in Bangladesh and it started building green buildings which will lead to NetZEB shortly. However, Bangladesh has to comply with the IEA and must accept the zero-energy building concept. 09 May, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-181.php This aspect of Energy law prompts the Department of Energy to initiate a series of research and development endeavors aimed at assessing environmental suitability and safety, capacity. Additionally, it explores proposed geological storage sites. High-purity carbon dioxide finds primary application in the electronics sector, medical research, and clinical diagnostics. It serves as a calibration gas for carbon dioxide lasers, testing devices, and various mixed gases, besides being a regular component in polyethylene polymerization. The objective of this article is to shed light on theories that model the movement of stored carbon dioxide, aiding in the interpretation and anticipation of chemical alterations and the potential impact of increased pressure. 04 May, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-180.php Intensive development today is observed in the areas of data processing and analysis, as well as in the management of robotic systems; Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly used. As the complexity of the tasks facing the Marine Robotic Complex (MRC) increases, the need for the use of AI technologies becomes clear. These technologies provide safe movement and control of marine objects, navigation of MRC in maritime space, development of behavior logic in unknown environments and planning of their movement, as well as optimization of data processing. The development of MRC currently covers various areas for which there is no single solution yet. This article outlines the development process of a simulation complex designed to model an intelligent system &#40;IS&#41; for strategizing the motion of a collective of marine robotic systems. It includes an in-depth exposition of individual modules and the mathematical modeling of the employed algorithms. 24 Apr, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-179.php Water is a vital resource for all living things (people, ecosystems, economic development, energy production, national security). Coordination and harmony in spatial and intersectoral planning and decision-making processes can be achieved through the rational and sustainable use of water resources. Protection and sustainable use of water resources is extremely important. Nowadays, problems such as drought and water pollution arise due to global warming and increasing environmental pollution. This situation reduces drinking water resources. Serious measures need to be taken worldwide to ensure the continuity of life protect water resources from drought and keep them clean. Techniques used to evaluate the potential of water resources, which have become increasingly important in recent years, and to create conscious use of water resources, require effective data systems. Currently used systems do not represent very large areas. For this reason, it is necessary to develop representative methods by integrating the data received from ground stations and the parameters of remote sensing techniques. Many extensions of the programs, which are widely used in the world and evaluated using Geographic Information System &#40;GIS&#41; supported Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods in database studies for the use of water resources, are extremely useful for basin modeling. The purpose of this study; It is a study on the potential of GIS-based multivariate statistics for evaluating the use and sustainability of water resources and the use of water stored in a geographical database. 02 Mar, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-178.php In Morocco, like in many developing countries, the management of solid waste, especially household solid waste, is a major concern. It is estimated that each person generates an average of 0.67 kilograms of urban waste per day, while in rural areas, this figure is 0.3 kilograms per day. The collection of urban solid waste is regular and almost daily, reaching approximately 5.5 million metric tons per year. The management of household waste is a major concern for all urban communities. The city of Khouribga, like many other Moroccan cities, faces various environmental challenges such as air pollution, waste management, and preservation of natural resources. In order to address these issues, it is essential to gather accurate and comprehensive information to develop effective and sustainable strategies. In this context, efforts are being made to optimize and improve the collection of household solid waste in the urban municipality of Khouribga. This study has revealed the existence of technical and social constraints that hinder the smooth operation of the current solid waste collection in this city. Therefore, the mobilization of the municipality, service providers, and the population is necessary to overcome these challenges. 03 Feb, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-177.php This study investigates the psychological and emotional factors influencing consumers’ decision-making in old house renovation, focusing on how these factors impact satisfaction with the renovation outcomes. Employing Kano regression analysis, the study identifies charm quality attributes associated with satisfaction, such as the preservation of historical value, emotional connection, and family heritage. The findings reveal that these attributes, though not initially anticipated by consumers, significantly elevate their satisfaction with the renovation results. The insights not only offer pivotal practical guidance for the old house renovation industry but also contribute to the academic understanding of consumer behavior, highlighting the importance of considering emotional and value-driven factors in the renovation process. Furthermore, these findings provide profound insights for strategic planning and execution in old house renovation, emphasizing the significance of acknowledging and respecting consumers’ psychological and emotional needs in the context of urban development and cultural preservation. 24 Jan, 2024 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-10-176.php There are many possibilities for determining the thermal power (thermal output) of underfloor heating systems. These may be mathematical, experimental, and numerical methods. Some of them are described in standards, manufacturers’ guides (e.g. charts or tables based on experimental research), as well as programs with numerical calculations. This article concerns the issue of correct calculation of the thermal power only in lightweight underfloor heating without any screeds. It considers the correct entry of the formula for calculating heat power given in the Norwegian standard NT VVS127:2001, relating to a lightweight floor system with metal lamellas. According to the author of this article, there is a significant error in one of the formulas of this standard, which leads to an incorrect final result. This view was based on the results of the author’s calculations and the calculations and conclusions of other scientists. The correction of the incorrectly written formula of the NT VVS127:2001 standard confirms the correctness of the thermal power calculations in a lightweight underfloor heating system with metal lamellas without screeds. 30 Dec, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-175.php In the present study, the effect of sodium content on the structure and mechanical properties of Cu-3wt%Si alloys were investigated. The experimental alloys were produced with various sodium concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3% by weight using permanent mould casting technique. Tensile and hardness tests were carried out on the cast samples. Microstructures of the specimens were also analysed using optical microscopy. The results indicated that the addition of sodium to Cu-3wt%Si alloy refined and modified the structure of the alloy resulting in improvement in the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the experimental alloy by 453.85% and 58.82% respectively at 1.5wt%Na content and percentage elongation by 168.81% at 0.1wt%Na content. The addition of sodium also led to the formation of the Na1.44Si136 intermetallic phase which further contributed to the increase in strength and hardness of the alloy. 27 Nov, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-174.php Some European Union Directives which were implemented by the various Member States, have established the fundamental guidelines for safety inspections of road infrastructures, according to the principle of the independence of the inspectors with respect to both the owner of the infrastructure and of its manager. This article addresses the practical implementation of the guidelines based on some inspections carried out on motorway sections in Italy. 16 Nov, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-173.php Global warming and urbanization are increasing the number of people living in cities that experience extreme heat. This makes walking uncomfortable, unattractive, and unhealthy and causes travelers to drive for trips that could be made on foot. To address these problems hot-climate cities can create networks of shadeways (shaded sidewalks) and pedways (enclosed, climate-controlled walkways). This article introduces the Cool Walkshed Index (CWI) which rates pedestrian thermal protection from A (best) to F (worst). Currently, most urban neighborhoods have CWI E (incomplete sidewalk networks) or D (complete sidewalk networks). Moderate-heat cities should aspire to CWI C (shaded sidewalks on busy routes); high-heat cities, with temperatures that frequently exceed 38 °C (100 °F) should aspire to CWI B (most buildings located within 300 m of enclosed, climate-controlled pedways); and extreme-heat cities, with temperatures that frequently exceed 43 °C (110° F) should aspire to CWI A (most buildings are located less than 100 m of enclosed, climate-controlled pedways). Analysis in this study indicates that the additional costs of these facilities can be repaid many times over through road, parking, and vehicle savings, and increased local property values. 09 Nov, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-172.php In the context of increasing environmental awareness, the demand for sustainable products is on the rise. This research addresses the growing demand for sustainability by redesigning brooms and dustpans with eco-friendly materials, reducing waste and environmental impact. It emphasizes the goals of enhancing user experience, efficiency, durability, accessibility, and sustainability. A case study investigates the physical challenges faced by street sweepers and underscores the importance of anthropometric considerations in design. The resulting ergonomic redesign significantly reduces workload and musculoskeletal complaints, improving comfort and efficiency. The redesign introduces adjustable handles, lightweight materials, and a 3-in-1 brush system with eco-friendly components. The dustpan features an improved handle, an angled design for efficient debris collection, and a built-in cleaning comb. Both tools are constructed from lightweight yet durable materials and offer a foldable design for user convenience, emphasizing sustainability through eco-friendly materials. In conclusion, this holistic approach enhances the cleaning experience, promoting efficiency, user-friendliness, and environmental responsibility. 17 Oct, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-171.php Taguchi method was used to predict and optimize the effects of hygrothermal aging on the tensile behavior of asymmetric helicoidally stacked Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) composites. This research is in furtherance to the previous work, which dealt purely with experiments. MR70 12P carbon fiber epoxy prepreg sheets were manufactured into laminated composites comprising constant inter-ply pitch angles ranging from 0o to 30o. The composites were tested in tension as either dry unaged specimens or following hygrothermal aging in seawater at the constant temperatures of 40 oC and 60 oC for 2000 hrs. Optimizations were conducted based on Taguchi L18 orthogonal array considering two design parameters viz. inter-ply stacking angles and hygrothermal aging temperature. The result depicted that the combination of aging temperature (C) and stacking angles are major factors in determining the tensile behavior of composite materials (p = 0.011). The model explains 86.6% of tensile strength variability, with a predicted R-squared value of 93.04%. The model’s robustness is supported by the adjusted R-squared value of 77.6%. Analysis of variance shows that inter-ply stacking angles are the main significant factor affecting the tensile behaviors at a 95% confidence level. A confirmation test was carried out to validate the optimized results and it was found that there were improvements in S/N ratios from initial to optimal setting. 21 Sep, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-170.php The spatial and temporal variations of satellite measurements correspond to different physical connotations. ENA imaging is an effective method to avoid the confusion of spatial and temporal variations of plasma space distribution in remote sensing region. However, for the neutral atom imager with scanning sampling, if the sampling time is too long (such as exceeding the evolution period of related physical events), it is still necessary to carefully analyze the time change factors of the space environment during the sampling period. Our re-certification of ENA scanning images of the IBEX-Hi’s “terrestrial plasma sheet disconnection” revealed that a magnetospheric substorm occurred during sampling, most likely due to the pitch angle diffusion of energetic ions in the ring current to create the so-called “plasma sheet disconnection” illusion. The observation of ENA imaging reflects the motion pattern of its parent ions, which have a certain distance from space plasma visualization. The dynamic evolution of ring current energetic ion diffusion has inspired us to create a new macroscopic model of substorms that can be visually monitored in the ecliptic plane using ENA imaging. 07 Sep, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-169.php When developing a wind turbine, sooner or later the designer is faced with the problem of the number of blades. After all, the purpose of the wind turbine and its cost depends on this. The criteria were determined and an analysis was carried out regarding the appropriate number of blades in the rotor of the wind turbine. 05 Sep, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-168.php One of the ways to achieve a building with higher energy efficiency and an efficient system is to use local architectural experiences. In the meantime, a wind deflector is one of the elements used in the past to create comfort. In the Bwhsa Köppen climate classification of Kashan City, they used to move and cool the air in the building. This study investigates the interior of these settlements in this climate to aim to reach greater efficiency of this element by CFD software, Energy Plus, and Open Studio with a descriptive-analytical method and then analyzes the results. A comparison of the results of the analysis of wind speed in wind turbines and how the wind is oriented in the interior is shown. Due to the low thermal mass of the wind deflector walls compared to the room, the temperature fluctuation is always higher than in the room. The main factors in temperature drop are proportionality of dimensions-air inlet valve to the windshield, water temperature, measurements, and height of the windshield column. Finally, to reduce the room temperature further, the priority is to use a spray windshield over windshield wipers. Especially windshields with water spray in which most of the room has a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and are in Kashan city’s thermal comfort range. 16 Aug, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-167.php Quality assurance and reinforcement detailing may affect the primary function of a reinforced concrete slab to transfer the load upon it by bending. This paper is focused on a probability-based approach to investigate the structural integrity of the reinforced concrete slabs of two selected buildings at a university campus. The in situ strength of all accessible floor slabs was measured using the Schmidt rebound hammer and Ultrasonic pulse velocity tester. The loadings on the slabs were analysed using Orion Software on the structural layouts of the two buildings. The integrity of the slabs, measured by their reliability indices, considering the yielding of the steel and deflection criteria, were estimated using the first-order reliability procedure. The computed indices were related to a target reliability index of 3.8 for the ultimate limit state and 1.5 for the serviceability limit state, chosen for a 50-years reference period of Class RC2 structural members according to BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005. Generally, the safety indices decrease as the applied loads/moments increase for all the slabs in the two buildings. Although the estimated safety indices reveal that the slabs are over-designed, some of the slab panels in one of the buildings will fail the deflection criterion when loaded to about 80% of their ultimate capacity. Based on this assessment, a disparity in quality assurance between the two buildings has been established. 08 Aug, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-166.php Drones are very useful for civil engineering and environmental surveys because drones may increase productivity, allow more regular and comprehensive monitoring of construction progress, monitor the status of infrastructures (e.g. bridges), and anyway collect a vast amount of digital data, which can be easily stored, manipulated and shared. However, while the benefits offered to end users by drones are becoming apparent to the entire professional community, possibly not anyone is yet aware of the conditions to fly drones legally in different jurisdictions. The aim of this article is to respond to some of the most common questions on the regulation of drones, hoping that the answers might facilitate the development of business cases for organisations that have not yet decided to use drones, or which intend to expand their use. In the USA Part 107 lists detailed limitations and conditions for the UA flight, but it does not have a clear list of responsibilities of the RPIC compared with the wider responsibilities of the UAS operator (e.g. the commercial company employing the pilot). In the EU, USA, and other jurisdictions, the first obligation to legally fly a drone for professional purposes is registration; the drone (if MTOM 250 g or more) in the USA and the operator in the EU (even if the drone is below 250 g). Virtual and ‘face-to-face’ courses on the regulation of non-military drones are available at the Joint Aviation Authorities – Training Organisation (JAA-TO). 22 Jul, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-165.php For a reinforced concrete structure to be deemed satisfactory, it must satisfy both the ultimate and serviceability limits state criteria. Deflection is one of the major criteria to be satisfied under the serviceability limit state. This paper derived a model by modifying Olanitori’s model to obtain the effective moment of inertia for slender beams without compression reinforcement. The beam without compression reinforcement was subjected to a one-point load in order to determine the experimental effective moment of inertia. It was observed that the beam had an ultimate load of 83 kN. At a service load of 55.33 kN, the beam’s actual deflection was found to be 5.90 mm and the experimental effective moment of inertia, Ie(EXP) was 206.96 x104mm4. At a service load of 55.33 kN, the estimated deflections of the beam using the proposed model P, model 1, model 2, and model 3 were 3.32 mm, 2.60 mm, 1.33 mm, and 0.78 mm respectively, while the actual deflection was 5.09 mm for the beam. From these results, the proposed model predicts more accurately the deflection of the slender beam than the three other models. 11 Jul, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-164.php The red sandstone of Xiaopu 3# branch Cave in the Yuxi section of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project was taken as the research object. The uniaxial compression strength and point load strength test are conducted from the perspectives of vertical and parallel stratifications, respectively, and then the anisotropy of red sandstone was analyzed in detail. The data obtained from the field and laboratory test was analyzed, and the conversion relationship between point load strength index and uniaxial compression strength is a power function under both parallel stratification and vertical stratification. The study results showed that: The mechanical properties of red sandstone have obvious anisotropy. The difference in its mechanical properties is particularly evident in UCS and point load tests and Is(50) and UCS under vertical stratification are significantly greater than Is(50) under parallel stratification. The point load strength correction index m of red sandstone is m = 0.4096 under parallel stratification, and m = 0.4408 under vertical stratification. 07 Jul, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-163.php The inhibition characteristics of Almond and Cocoyam leaves extracts on mild steel immersed in 1 M H2SO4 at immersion times of 24 h to 144 h have been investigated experimentally. The effects of various concentrations of the extracts on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency were also explored. The average corrosion rates (in mm yr-1) and inhibition efficiencies (in %) were determined at each extract concentration and immersion time. Results show that both extracts demonstrated excellent inhibition characteristics for mild steel in H2SO4 media as the corrosion rate of the mild steel decreased from 43.0096 mm yr-1 to 4.7019 mm yr-1 and 4.9528 mm yr-1 after adding 8 g/L of Cocoyam and Almond leaves extracts respectively. This can be linked with the adsorption of molecules of oxidative phytochemical constituents of the extracts on the mild steel surfaces which shielded the mild steel surfaces from further attack by the acid. Within the time range of the study, the inhibition efficiency of both Cocoyam and Almond leaves extracts increased with an increase in inhibitor concentration with maximum inhibition efficiencies of 70.15% and 56.67% recorded by Almond and Cocoyam leaves extracts respectively at concentrations of 8 g/L. Conclusively, Almond leaves extracts are better mild steel corrosion inhibitors than cocoyam leaves extracts, due to the lower pH value of Cocoyam leaf extract. 30 May, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-162.php The paper presents a model of the microplastic electroflotation process and considers the factors affecting the efficiency of this process during wastewater treatment. The results obtained will help optimize the microplastic electroflotation process and develop more effective ways to remove plastic particles from the treated water, as well as help in the development of new types of flotation technology that allow several purification processes to be carried out simultaneously in one device. These devices can prevent the destruction of the formed flotation complexes, compared with the use of a traditional cleaning scheme with several autonomous devices installed in series. The results obtained provide a rationale for choosing the most efficient electroflotation apparatus for wastewater treatment from microplastics. 25 Apr, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-161.php The increasing demand for an eco-friendly environment has led to the recent development of polymer matrix/green plant fiber composites. In this present study, the viscoelastic performance of walnut/rice straw fiber/epoxy biocomposites was examined using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in three-point bending mode at a constant frequency (1 Hz) and temperature (25 oC to 240 °C). The surface morphology of the developed composites was analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The epoxy resin was incorporated with walnut/rice straw fiber in five proportions (2-10 wt%) using the hand lay-up technique. The hybrids of rice straw fiber/walnut shell ash particulates were added in equal ratios. The DMA results showed that epoxy/6wt% walnut/rice straw fiber biocomposite recorded the maximum storage modulus (> 8 × 103 MPa) with low loss modulus and damping factor. This indicates excellent stiffness and high energy storage capacity resulting from excellent interfacial bonding of molecules of epoxy, walnut shell particulates, and rice straw fiber. The epoxy/rice straw fiber biocomposite showed a high rate of molecular mobility, leading to high heat dissipation and damping capacity. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the developed composites ranges from 70 oC to 130 oC, indicating the working temperature of the materials to be below 70 oC. The tan-δ curves indicate that walnut/rice straw fiber/epoxy biocomposites are heterogeneous materials with separate viscoelastic phases and glass transition temperatures, resulting from the addition of walnut shell particulates and rice straw fiber. These reinforcers are finally noted as critical factors affecting the extent of macromolecular mobility within walnut/rice straw fiber/epoxy biocomposites. 19 Apr, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-160.php Earthmoving machinery is prone to adhesion problems when working against soil media, resulting in a decline in construction efficiency and quality. This paper summarizes the development of soil adhesion mechanisms, describes the research progress of experts and scholars in various countries in the field of adhesion and desorption, and prospects the research on adhesion and desorption of soil contacting components of construction machinery. 13 Apr, 2023 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-9-159.php The article discusses the possibility of obtaining Composite Gypsum Binders (CGB) and heavy concretes based on them using local raw materials from Palestine. As an active mineral additive in the composition of the composite gypsum binder, it is proposed to use finely dispersed quartz sand with a specific surface area of ​​500 m2/kg, on the surface of which, during grinding, a disturbed microlayer is formed containing a limited amount of amorphous SiO2, which is capable of binding Ca(OH)2 at ordinary temperatures with the formation of insoluble compounds, that is, it has pozzolanic activity, and as a result provides a significant increase in the strength of composites, increases their water resistance. Based on the developed composite gypsum binder with sufficiently high strength (24.8 MPa) and water resistance (K = 0.73), heavy concretes were obtained with a class of compressive strength B7.5 - B15, for use in residential, public, and industrial buildings in the form of load-bearing, self-supporting and enclosing structures. 21 Oct, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-158.php Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a methodology that accompanies technological evolution and consists of a set of processes and tools that allows the creation of a three-dimensional digital model. This model centralizes information, facilitating its access and exchange between the entities along the life cycle of a building. This study focuses on the application of BIM methodology within the framework of a structural design, identifying the benefits and limitations that it provides and indicating strategies that may be used to improve the quality of a project. A structural model was created through BIM-based platforms and then transferred to the calculation software where the structural analysis and design were carried out. After this, through the conceived digital model, various applications that it allows were explored, namely, the method of coordination and collaboration, detection of conflicts, production of drawings, the budget, and an immediate evaluation of the environmental impact of the structure This study demonstrates a significant improvement in the quality of the structural design. Therefore, even though some limitations still exist, the implementation of this methodology is essential to improve the process in the AEC sector. 18 Oct, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-157.php This article reports the results of a study carried out to evaluate the influence of wood-cement-steatite partitions on the thermal performance of a small building. The interior walls of two identical 2.0 × 2.5 × 3.0 m experimental wooden frame huts (tiny houses, with one door and one window), designed and built following the National Building Code of Canada, were covered with standard gypsum boards in one case (GB hut) and a combination of gypsum boards and wood-cement-steatite panels in the other case (WCSP hut). The thermal behavior of both huts, located on the campus of Laval University, in Québec (QC), Canada was monitored over a testing period extending from mid-march to the first week of July 2019. Depending on the moment during that period (cold weather, mild weather) and the characteristics being evaluated, the temperature inside the huts was conditioned or not with an electric heater. The following parameters were recorded: outdoor temperature, the temperature inside the two huts, and, when applicable, their electricity consumption. In cold weather, the wood-cement-steatite panels contributed to reducing the electricity consumption by 5.2% over that of the reference GB hut. In mild weather, wood-cement-steatite panels were found to improve the comfort inside the test hut by leveling off the temperature variations, with reductions ranging from 0.3 °C to 3.8 °C. Both the differences in electricity consumption and indoor temperature variations were determined to be statistically significant, with p - values inferior to 0.005. The results generated in this part of the study further strengthen the potential of WCSP as a real alternative to gypsum boards for drywall partitioning in residential and commercial buildings. In addition to their many advantageous constructive properties, such as water resistance, flexural strength, screw withdrawal resistance, and fire resistance, the improvements they could yield in energy efficiency and thermal comfort make it a quite promising partitioning option. 14 Oct, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-156.php The latest wildfires around the globe are evidence of growing global temperatures that are a threat to infrastructure resilience. Wildfires are exacerbated by drought and parched conditions, disease, dry lightning and increased interaction between humans and forests leading to accidental as well as purposeful ignition. 05 Sep, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-155.php This paper presents a case study on the environmental awareness of the students of secondary schools in Angola and analyses the environmental education programs in the two cycles. The study was carried out in the four largest provinces of Angola and the results were obtained from questionnaires to the students and interviews with the school coordinators and the waste management officers in the region. The results show that the students have moderate consumption habits of electricity and water, demonstrated by 40% of students following the appropriate attitude, and have reasonable knowledge about the scenarios that produce large environmental impact, marking 3 out of 9 options: river pollution, toxic waste in the soil and sewage discharge on the beach as the most relevant, together reaching almost 50% of the responses. However, they have a gap in knowledge about the health impact of solid waste disposal in dumps site close to urban areas, as evidenced by the high number of children and adolescents living near these areas and with some of them helping their families as waste pickers. The poor environmental education program and the nonexistence of school activities on these issues contribute for disassociate the linkage of waste disposal in dumps with diseases. As waste disposal in dumps is current in almost all provinces in Angola, except Luanda, environmental education in schools plays an important role in preparing children and adolescents to adopt practices in the future that protect the environment and contribute to the reduction of public health problems. In addition, children and adolescents can indirectly influence their parents on these issues. 27 Aug, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-154.php The conservation state, maintenance, repair, and complete restoration of reinforced concrete structures are recurring actions necessary to preserve the built infrastructure. A big issue related to enormous costs aimed at extending the service life of construction systems and addressed to sustainability. In the investigated cases of buildings and civil engineering structures, active and passive protection methods are presented. Both exhibit advantages and disadvantages that need to be accurately studied in order to make a correct and durable choice. Generally, active systems are often used in harsh environmental conditions, where more forms of localized corrosion take place, while passive methods are often utilized where the degradation and the structures are less adversely affected by intense degradation phenomena. 04 Aug, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-153.php Several strategies are currently underway to investigate alternative routes to efficiently use CO2 as a carbon source for the production of alternative fuels for energy end transportation [1,2]. 29 Jul, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-152.php Since 2016 the Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (Mexican Transport Institute) has continuously instrumented and performed the structural monitoring of the Mezcala Bridge, which is a cable-stayed bridge located in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. In order to identify early damage, several monitoring strategies based on changes in the bridge modal parameters have been implemented. To establish the limits of the parameters, such as the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes, it is necessary to characterize the bridge dynamic behavior through monitoring information from the last 3 years, in order to analyze statistically every parameter and simulate different real damage scenarios. Modal parameters are calculated and evaluated every week or after accidents, earthquakes, or strong winds. Applying the proposed methodology based on the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD), the modal parameters of the Mezcala Bridge were efficiently estimated and monitored and subsequently, they could be used for finite element model development and calibration in order to evaluate the structural integrity of the bridge. 25 May, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-151.php The report presents an early warning system against earthquakes of the conceptual design of the tunnels under the “Shipka” Pass. Bulgaria gives many victims on the roads - those killed in traffic crashes and accidents. In the case of tunnel facilities in seismic areas, chain accidents in tunnel pipes are particularly dangerous. Early warning systems for tunnels make it possible to immediately stop traffic by the traffic police or automatically, to include additional ventilation equipment and turn on the additional reserve lighting installations. 26 Apr, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-150.php The study of silt fractions using the traditional methods, especially on large scales, is time-consuming, laborious, and costly. The present work intends to investigate the spectral behaviors of the soil silt fraction using reflectance spectroscopy technology. Accordingly, 128 soil samples were collected from 20cm of soil surface of Mazandaran province, northern Iran. First, the sample set was subdivided into calibration and validation subsets. Spectral signatures of silt components were detected utilizing the PLSR algorithm and Cross-Validation technique. The final model with 4 LFs was calibrated with these specs: Rc: 0.55, RMSEc: 8.31%, RPDc: 1.20, and RPIQc:1.71 and was eventually selected as the best model for studying the soil silt of Mazandaran province. The obtained spectral wavebands with the highest correlation coefficients (R(CCmax)) indicate the high impact as the independent predictors in the processes of modeling. Finally, the capability of the proximal sensing technology (VNIR-PS) was proved in examining the silt content of Mazandaran province. Also, the most influential spectral domains and ranges were detected and recognized. Our findings can be used as a basis for studying silt content on a large scale by applying the upscaling process via airborne/satellite hyperspectral data. Subject classification codes: Soil Conservation, Proximal Soil Sensing, Soil Spectral Modeling 29 Mar, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-149.php The traffic safety system in Palestine needs major improvements. Traffic accident data in Gaza Strip are collected from crash reports recorded by the local Police. In many cases, roads are constructed without proper consideration of children’s needs. However, children and young kids use the roads as pedestrians, bicyclists, and occupants of vehicles. Moreover, they might choose to play on the road. This paper aims to investigate the situation of traffic safety of children in the Gaza Strip and to recommend measures to reduce their risk. This research is based on accident statistics recorded in the period between 2008 and 2018. Analysis was carried out to determine critical locations that have a high number of accidents, focusing on accidents that resulted in casualties and fatalities of children. Results show that the highest rate of children fatalities in the Gaza Strip was on Arterial Roads. According to the data collected in 2016, 2017, and 2018, the percentage of road traffic deaths of children are 60%, 68% and 59% respectively, which is higher than the average rate of child mortality in the world (52%) according to the world organization statistics. Gaza city has the largest number of children fatalities caused by road accidents in the Gaza Strip. This might be due to the high population density and heavy traffic. In order to reduce road accidents for children, it is necessary to control the speed of vehicles at school zones and to provide more safety measures for children on the roads, including illuminated pedestrian crossings for children. It is very important to provide children at schools and kindergartens with proper training on how to cross the street. It is also helpful to teach them some important traffic signs. 23 Feb, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-148.php Technological advances have assisted in the development of modern software tools which can be used to assess and improve the energy efficiency of a building at the early stage of conceptual design. However, this study aims at validating the accuracy of one of the paramount building simulation software Integrated Environmental Solutions - Virtual Environment (IES-VE), widely used today. The methodology of this study involves physical measurements and simulation exercises. A longitudinal physical measurement was carried out using HOBO ware U-12 in 5 different points of the room space from 18th October to 4th December 2016. But, for validation, a critical atmospheric day (21st November 2016) was selected for the comparison. The room air temperature was first measured before comparing it to the simulated air temperature obtained from IES<VE>. After several analyses, the comparison of the measured room air temperature and simulation results showed similarity, discrepancy, closeness, significance, and accuracy. The investigation findings revealed a percentage discrepancy of 11.03%, which is less than the threshold of 20% between the measured and simulated air temperature of the case study model. Other findings show that: R2 = 0.98, MBE = 0.8, °C and RMSE = 1.70°C are all within the acceptable values of significance between the two data. These results signify that IES-VE is valid, accurate, and applicable for this study’s further Building Performance Simulation (BPS). 18 Feb, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-147.php This study assessed the performance of residential property investment returns. To ascertain the awareness, use, and gender inequality in the usage of residential performance data by investors. The paper focuses on risk-return features of the tenement, two and three-bedroom property for investment purposes, in order to improve the understanding of the property market mechanism in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Unraveling empirically risk-return features of residential property in the metropolitan area is unclear hence the speculative decision on residential investment is widespread. Quantitative research was employed using a questionnaire survey to obtain primary data on annual rental and capital values of residential properties from branch managers of estate firms. This data was afterward transformed into total returns and put to Phillip-Perron unit root test (stationarity). The study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques for analysis. Findings from the study show that total returns for residential property range from 6.99% to 14.44% with risk-return ranging from 20.92% to 51.54% within the property market, Badawa/GRA property has the lowest risk features hence the most secured location for residential investment, the paper also unveils that gender inequity in the usage of residential property investment performance data is high against women. It is on these findings that the study recommended Badawi/GRA property market for risk-averse investors, persistent sensitization program and incentives (reduction in service charge) targeting women in the property market is encouraged. 17 Feb, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-146.php This paper aims to evaluate the nature of post-occupancy modifications of selected income housing estates in Nigeria. The research adopts both the quantitative and qualitative approaches and is essentially survey-based. Therefore, the research population is all housing units of low-income public housing estates in Owerri Metropolis. A simple random technique was further adopted to select five low-income housing estates within the low-income group for this study. Participants of this study were further sampled and selected based on the following requirements and eligibility criteria - they must be residents in the residential estates under study; they must be household heads (or their representatives) of the buildings in the selected housing estates and the building must have been in existence for over ten years (which is enough time for modification to have taken place). The data were collected through the use of a structured questionnaire and field observations, and analysis of this data relied on the computer-based statistical software called STATA 13.0. Results were presented and discussed, pinpointing the nature of post-occupancy modifications in the five selected low-income housing estates. The results further show various kinds of modifications (addition of rooms, alteration of site arrangement, alteration of fence design, alteration of roofing pattern, addition of shop spaces, change of use, and outright total modification) have taken place across the five housing estates studied. 15 Feb, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-145.php The COVID-19 pandemic caused devastation to society in 2020, forcing people all across the world to alter their lifestyles. During the pandemic, people spent more time at home, and this shift in occupancy can directly influence building energy usage. COVID-19 lockdowns hastened the transition to telework, which many predict will continue. Changes in energy usage during lockdown are thus a significant source for forecasting future energy consumption in buildings. This study aims to measure the effects of the COVID-19 lockout on home energy usage. The energy usage of a seven residential building complex in Johor Bahru, Malaysia before, during, and after the first lockdown phase was compared and analyzed. It was discovered that the initial two months in the lockdown period are the most severe energy consumption due to the tight lockdown measures implemented as reflected in energy consumption patterns. Overall energy consumption for all candidate appliances increased during and after lockdown. Still, the more significant change was that consumption occurred during the daytime rather than focused in the evening as before the lockdown. The findings provide insight into the effect of a lockdown on customer energy costs and how energy utilities may be approached during such an event. 04 Jan, 2022 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-8-144.php Stormwater management means to manage surface runoff. Stormwater management can reduce the runoff of rainwater. It includes controlling flooding and reducing erosion to improve water quality. This Strategy used in our Nasik city (Untwadi Road Signal) to prevent the impacts of Stormwater. We know that, in rainy season the water is flow over the ground surface. This rainwater does not have any suspended solid, it collects in drainage which flow by the force of gravity and then it discharges near lake or river. Urbanization reduces the infiltration rate of lands it causes of the flooding it occurs scouring and waterlogging problem. So, it is necessary to identify area of problem and suggest BMPs (Best Management Practices) techniques. 09 Dec, 2021 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-7-143.php The purpose of this paper is to highlight the benefits of using natural bitumen in the context of global environmental change and increasing transportation demands in terms of traffic volume and loads. Despite the advantages of using these additives as binder modifiers to implement high modulus asphalt mixes characterized by high stiffness, high durability, superior resistance to permanent deformation, and good fatigue resistance, they remain still largely unknown and far from being effectively exploited. The paper displays for the first time a collection of scientific data based on previously published research works, enriched by new laboratory testing, whose results are not published yet. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of various aspects of the natural bitumen Selenizza® (extracted from the deposit located in southeast Albania) and the role that this natural additive plays in achieving the desired asphalt pavement performance. The dynamic rheological and Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC) analysis proved that natural bitumens are fully compatible with straight-run bitumen and contribute to increasing the consistency, viscosity, and stability of natural bitumen-modified binders. The Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test (RTFOT), followed by Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) aging analysis of road bitumen modified with Selenizza®, revealed that the resulting binders are resistant to aging and relatively efficient at low temperatures. A Life Cycle Assessment study compared the environmental impact of the Albanian natural bitumen production process with that of conventional crude oil bitumen, leading to the conclusion that the CO2 emission released during the production of Selenizza® is reduced by approximately 44 % compared to that of crude oil bitumen. The various research works described in this paper provide evidence that the natural bitumen-based asphalt mixes feature enhanced quality in terms of mechanical and rheological properties compared to reference asphalt mixes produced with equivalent traditional paving grade bitumen. 11 Aug, 2021 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-7-142.php Now a days we see that a large amount of water has been wasted either in sewage or soil. it suffers from shortage of water supply for irrigation uses. On the other hand, the production system in the Rajasthan region is characterized by many agricultural food industries, the activity of which produces large amounts of wastewater. It is usually discharged into torrents or rivers. To manage this wastewater and also to fulfil the water demand in agriculture area thereby reduce the load on natural water stream, this wastewater should be used for various purposes including agriculture after with or without conventional or advanced treatment. In this project we took two sample of water then we conduct the test. Then analysis the result with irrigation till now we conduct (pH Test, Electrical Conductivity Test, Hardness Test, Alkalinity Test) and all results are good according to the I.S code & I got success to find a new water sources for agricultural purpose. Purpose of the manuscript • The objective of this manuscript is to analyse the water quality of agro industry wastewater. • The most Common reasons for establishing a reuse program is to identify new water source. Subject: Environmental Pollution. 05 May, 2021 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-7-141.php Migrants are extremely vulnerable to various risks including the lack of physical and mental health care. The weakness of the health system in Libya is further undermined by the fragile, insecure, limited access, threats to health care workers and the increased social and economic challenges. This study studied the general environment of Detention Centers (DCs) of migrants in Libya and their health. Information were collected by during visits to DCs using to assess the structure, organization, financing, processes occurring in the center upon arrival of detainees, accommodation, water, sanitation and hygiene, food and nutrition, health-care services, and health status of detainees including their general health, chronic conditions, acute challenges as infections including TB, STD/HIV, hepatitis and malaria, and violence. Mental health was assessed using standard tools. Special questions were constructed for pregnant females and under five children. Sixteen DCs were visited. Thirteen of them had children in their premises, while ten detained women. Of the 427 interviewed, more than half were younger than 25 years of age. Overall environment and amenities were inadequate or poor. In more than half of DCs, deliveries did occur inside the DC itself. According to DCs managers, most common causes of death were TB, malnutrition and depression. The prevalence of acute and chronic illnesses including mental conditions were determined. Specific actions are proposed to each in particularly establishing/reviving a dedicated health center to meet the individual and public health needs of migrants. 05 May, 2021 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-7-140.php Cleaning and grading are two final operations of high-quality grain production that are traditional method cleaning & separation of sorghum and maize. Farmers normally do by hand which have many problems. The farmers of East and West Hararghe Zones have a problem of high seed shortage to get improved seed at the right sowing time and du to absent of cleaning &separation machine to use local seed of good variety. To reduce the problem the hand operated seed cleaner machine horizontally vibrating air-screen type was designed, fabricated and its performance was evaluated with the main parts of centrifugal blower, eccentric unit & a set of reciprocating sieve with belt-pulley driven system. The machine separates product on the basis of the differences in their sizes and incorporate fan to remove light particles. The machine was constructed at the FARC workshop from locally available materials. The machine was tested for its cleaning efficiency & capacity with sorghum & maize at Damota arada and observed that, the maximum cleaning efficiency of the machine at moisture content of 18% & 19 were 80 % for sorghum and & 90 % for Maize, and its capacity was found 5.7 & 8.5 q/hr for sorghum & maize respectively, which is much better than that of traditional cleaning which have observed about 0.8 & 1.2 q/h for sorghum & maize respectively. During the test seeds of others crop & seeds of weeds were found below the range which is 300 & 200 unit/kg respectively. The newly developed low production cost machine has got a promising acceptance for its higher efficiency, higher capacity and lower lab our time energy requirement and accessibility to be used both for seed cleaning, grading and commercial use, and also due to its simplicity and locally manufactured, it showed a potential for wider adoption, as a result, experiments and/or demonstrations will be continued under the local Hararghe under farmers’ conditions. 23 Mar, 2021 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-7-139.php Due to the rapid increase in population, Municipal solid waste management has become an important activity in urban localities. It is one of the obligatory responsibility of Municipal Corporation and urban local bodies to minimize solid waste and process it efficiently. The high generation rate of municipal solid waste and the complexity of waste generation are major challenges of Municipal Corporation Indore is considered as the business capital of Madhya Pradesh state. The present population in Indore is more than 19 lacks. Apart from infrastructural development, equal importance should be given to Municipal solid waste. A well-planned system needs to be followed to maintain municipal solid waste. The present study aims to analyze the present situation of waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal of the Indore city. The study also discusses various governmental policies introduced to manage waste effectively. This study will provide its readers with a fair idea of the existing scenario of Municipal waste management system of the Indore city. 22 Mar, 2021 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-7-138.php Chitteri Hills of Eastern Ghats is primarily covered by evergreen forests and deciduous forests. Forest Management, change in landuse and rapid economic development has caused a minor change in the landscape of Chitteri. In the current study the forest fragmentation was assessed using the Fragstat 4.0 software for different classes using specific metrics. Fragstats 4.0 spatial pattern analysis was applied for different landuse classes that was derived from landuse and landcover maps prepared using the Landsat 8 digital data. The results from the above analysis have shown that there was more fragmentation in the Chitteri Hills. Class Area (CA), Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), Largest Patch Index (LPI), Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), Area Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI) at the class level was quantified in the present study. These spatial metrics were found to be very simple and helpful in quantification of the complex spatial processes and can be used as an effective means for monitoring the Chitteri Landscape. 16 Dec, 2020 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-6-137.php Introduction: The past-two-decades have faced many-viral-epidemics. The present threat-COVID-19 causes great-loss of human-lives, change human-civilization, public health, agriculture, travel, socioeconomic, education, civil-engineering, environmental-sciences and clinical-research also. There are no proper-effective-treatment-methods. The low-income-households, senior-citizens, and street-children are not able to manage. So the whole world as well as the Government of India tries to reorient for the COVID-19 epidemic-crisis, by developing policy-initiative. So it is emphasis on the conservation of biodiversity, agriculture, socio-economic, civil-engineering, and environmental-sciences, for preventive-measures against “21st century-various-human-diseases like COVID-19-Pandemic”. Methods: In the two ecofriendly localities; rural and urban areas, where constructs or set up different types of artificial-nests in the building as well as in the trees, rainwater-harvesting with fishery, and nutritional-garden, forming the common-complex-ecosystem with landscaping by trees, garden, midday-meals, store-grains reservoir’s, playground, pond, and river with agriculture. Result: Various kinds of birds, rats, mice, moles, bats, squirrels, mongooses, insets, toads, snakes, and other animals, are the regular visitors. But the owls apparently act as a keystone-species within these food-chain-relationships. Rats that happen to spoil food items of mid-day-meals, store-rooms, and documents are checked by barn-owl. Bats make building dirty by their excreta are also controlled by this owl. Different pests and mongoose, which are found to significantly reduce food production in agriculture, pisciculture, tsar-industries, hatcheries, and poultry-farm, are appreciably kept on top of things. And, improves midday-meal, arouses the interest of locality on ecology-food-chain-relationships-issues, and contributes to sustainable-pisciculture-pond, agriculture, and kitchen-garden-management, micro-and macro- climate issues, and also community-health also. It’s worth mentioning that the hooter plays the role of the simplest carnivore, predating on mongoose juveniles and bats, the carrier of coronavirus, again confirming the “Biological and Bio-System-Engineering-Owl Controlled COVID-19 Engineering Bio-mechanical Biomedical-Science-Technology-Communication-Enriched-Agriculture-Environment with Joyful-Environment and Bat Secrets of Immunity Could Confirm the Clues to Treating-COVID-19”. Conclusion: So the artificial-nest, rainwater-harvesting with fishery and floating-gardening shaded by solar-panel supplying-electricity for oxygen-producing-motor in water, OR rooftop-gardening attached with ‘Bird’s-/ Sky-Observer-Balcony’, act as 21st-century civil-engineering COVID-19-epidemic-model which improved biodiversity, agriculture, environmental-sciences, technology-communication, socio-economy-welfare, developing the future-policy; the theme “Vision-2040” that would retain the human civilization’s in old-forms because “Happiness brings good-health-and-wellbeing with the help of civil-engineering-and-environmental-biologist”. 18 Sep, 2020 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-6-136.php Building walls in Indonesia are often cracked due to natural and human factors. Therefore the building walls must have high strength and rigidity. The strength and rigidity of a material are interconnected. The higher the value of the strength of the material, the higher the stiffness value. And in Indonesia, in general, using white bricks and red bricks. This experiment aims to analyze and relate the compressive strength values ​​with the modulus of young white bricks and red bricks with linear regression tests to determine suitable building materials for building wall construction. The compressive strength and modulus of young values ​​are measured by means of a Vesta tester by recording weight dial and strain dial for each 10kN increase. Based on the elasticity and compressive strength test data, the compressive strength and modulus values ​​of young bricks are obtained. The value of modulus young red brick, that is, the value of one sample red brick is (0-130) MPa. The value of the two red brick samples (0-20.62) MPa. The value of the red brick sample is three (0-3.82) MPa. While the modulus value of young white brick sample one is (0-44.86) MPa. The supply of two sample white bricks is (0-33.81) MPa. The value of the three sample white bricks is (0-77.97) N / m2. While the compressive strength value of white brick sample one is (0-3.27) MPa. The value of sample two white bricks is (0-3.44) MPa. The value of the three sample white bricks is (0.01-3.39) MPa. Whereas the compressive strength value of red brick sample one is (0-2.77) MPa. The value of red brick sample two is (0-2.14) MPa. The value of the three sample red bricks is (0-0.60) MPa. The tendency of compressive strength and modulus young values ​​are directly proportional. 11 Jun, 2020 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-6-135.php The purpose of this paper is to study the important engineering properties of the volcanic rocks present with the Nagar Parkar Granites located from Sindh University Campus... 05 Mar, 2020 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-6-134.php Happiness brings good health and wellbeing. A properly lit space helps to bring in a sense of happiness. Nowadays, urban people in general rely on artificial lighting mostly even during daytime especially within office buildings. This research paper intents to discuss about responsibilities of a lighting designer, the effect of lighting on emotional well-being of the occupants and attainment of comfort from a lighting designer’s point of view. Offices, factories and public gathering spaces such as markets etcetera are given more emphasis in this research. The latest trends include day-lighting methodology, passive lighting, anti-glare lighting and lastly, from good health perspective, anti-bacterial LED lights. 21 Feb, 2020 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-6-133.php Construction of shelter is one of the basic and prime needs of human civilization. With the passage of time, the basic of construction of this shelter have evolved from simple caves to magnificent houses, palaces and like. Similar is the case with building materials and construction industry that has evolved from the use of simple straw, mud, thatch, and slates to modern day conventional building material like bricks, 02 Dec, 2019 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-5-132.php The increase in the percentage of land pollution in rural areas in East Java Province in 2011 to 2014 was caused by various factors. One of the factors that led to an increase in the percentage of land pollution was the increase in industrial activities in rural areas which made population growth and activity also increase. 10 Jan, 2019 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-5-131.php The scope of this paper is related to study of the gabion wall as retaining structure as well as load bearing member in hilly areas by considering various engineering factors such as structural stability, flexibility, aesthetics exposure and economic serviceability by following the design parameters such as overturning moment, sliding resistant and bearing pressure. Nowadays new construction methodologies as well design by various software’s come into existent to make it easy the implementation of structure practically but due to adverse effects of climate changes, the concept of gabion wall retaining structure plays vital role for road construction in hilly areas as well as in flooding areas on the river banks. Its common in the recent days that structural member perform multiple duties for given project, but the concept of gabion retaining wall perform such type of needs. Gabion wall also control the erosion and scouring of land in flood protection embankment in the form of retaining structure, e.g. Gi wire retaining wall with various steps along with apron which provides launching and siltation after a period of time or high flooding. Such type of gabion retaining wall is used in KP province of Pakistan after high flood disaster occurred in 2010 on River Kabul District Nowshera. 27 Dec, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-4-130.php Gold mine tailings dams are a high risk part of mining as they contain hazardous materials such as cyanide, mercury and arsenic from processing operations which present a risk to the public and to the environment. When tailing dams fail, the impact is disastrous for humans and the natural environment. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) collected 221 case records of tailing facility failure incidents worldwide to determine the causes of these incidents. The main causes of these incidents and reported cases of failure were found to be lack of control during the construction, lack of control of the water balance and a general lack of understanding of the features that control safe operations. The important elements to improve the safety and stability of tailings disposal facilities are geotechnical investigation, engineered design, construction, operation and monitoring of the tailings storage facility. 13 Nov, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-4-129.php To reduce the consumption of freshwater in the laundry industry, a new trend of separating waste water has resulted in the reuse/recycling of water. In this study, the characteristics of domestic laundry wastewater was evaluated using wastewater samples from four selected laundries. The samples were analysed for the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of the water. The parameters examined were: pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS, TSS, turbidity, colour, total hardness, BOD, COD, DO, phosphate, nitrate, chloride and sulphate. The pH of the wastewater ranges from 8.8 – 9.0, TDS ranges from 229 mg/L to 461mg/L, TSS ranges from 228.9–460 mg/L, Turbidity ranges from 25.3– 39.4 NTU and the colour ranges from 4.2-5.8 TCU. The BOD ranges from 144– 211.2 mg/L and the COD ranges from 428.6-531.3 mg/L. The Total Coliform and E.coli in the wastewater ranges from 140-700 CFU. The pH, TDS, colour, total hardness, total coliform and E.coli are within permissible level for toilet and laundry water reuse while TSS, turbidity, BOD and COD exceeds the limit. The result of this study reveals that there is a high potential of recycling laundry waste water for reuse in toilet, irrigation and laundry with little treatment. 30 Oct, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000028-jcees.php This research focused on the integration of waste plastic into concrete in a bid to restrain water ingress when exposed to water. Polyethylene water sachet (PWS) was the source of waste plastic used. Waste plastic concrete treatments were designed and cast successfully with percentage waste plastic contents of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00. It also involved a constant water/cement ratio of 0.45, a mix design of 1:2:4 and 2% by 342.85kg cement weight of superplasticizer. Twenty cubes, 20 beams and 45 cylindrical specimens were cast for compressive, flexural, split tensile and water absorption tests respectively at 28 days of curing. Waste plastic treatments of 0.5% and 0.75% contents had the highest compressive strength. Water absorption characteristics of waste plastic concrete dropped with increasing plastic waste content to 0.75% after which further increase gave undesirable effects. Optimum water absorption (impermeability) were observed between 0.50% and 0.75% waste plastic content. Waste plastic concrete of 0.75% content with compressive strength and water absorption values of 21.19MPa and 0.22% respectively met the requirements of ASTM C55-11, ASTM C139-11 and CP 102. Waste plastic concrete showed desirable characteristics for potential use in the built environment. 22 Oct, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000027-jcees.php The aim of this study is the use of local materials (plaster, sand dunes and date palm fiber) for the region of southern Algeria. By expand areas of the use of these materials in the field of construction. Despite the large ament of gypsum, its use is limited to some secondary operations like coatings and decorative elements. The sand dunes and palm fiber, its use in the construction are very limited. In this study, the sand dunes and palm fiber was added to plaster, to find the mortar that has physical and mechanical properties that allow its use in construction. The results obtained showed that the addition of date palm fibers improves the physical properties (density, water absorption, etc.) and mechanical properties (compression strength, flexural strength, etc). 04 Oct, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000026-jcees.php The effectiveness of chitosan as a flocculant was tested with a novel experimental apparatus. Using a newly developed flocculation tester, a large number of flocculation rate processes were measured. The novel jar tester included a photocoupler and switching timer. Mixing was paused for a period and the floc-settling velocity and residual turbidity were measured during this period. The relation between the turbidity of the supernatant (i.e., the residual turbidity) and chitosan dose was measured over a wide range of initial turbidities. The chitosan showed two windows for the optimum dose: (1) a dose close to that used with ordinary inorganic flocculants, at which the residual turbidity showed complicated behavior under the influence of various factors, and (2) an optimum dose in the order of 10−4 of the initial turbidity. The latter optimum-dose range is very narrow, and simple chargeneutralization plays an important role in the flocculation. 06 Sep, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000025-jcees.php To explore more benefits of flyash in construction industry, a study has conducted on strength characteristics of M30 grade concrete using manufactured flyash coarse aggregate as a partial replacement of natural granite coarse aggregate. The aggregates were manufactured using cement in lesser quantities and flyash in excess quantity various trail mixes were conducted and finally a suitable mix is selected for large quantity production. Cubes, beams and cylinders were casted by partial replacing natural coarse aggregate by 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% of manufactured fly ash aggregate. The strength parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of the casted cubes, beams and cylinders were tested respectively. 23 Aug, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000024-jcees.php The complete nitrification process, i.e. complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate (COMAMMOX), by only one microorganism was experimentally confirmed only two years ago. That discovery is now considered a real breakthrough in the nitrogen cycle in the environment and it opens new questions regarding the nitrogen metabolism by microorganisms. Moreover, it also brings opportunities to revise the approach to nitrogen management in wastewater treatment systems employing the novel nitrogen removal processes, such as deammonification or shortened nitrification-denitrification. The comammox bacteria may significantly disturb nitrite production in partial nitrification, which is the critical step for the successful operation of both novel processes. The crucial role in identification of “comammox“ bacteria is attributed to the latest, advanced molecular techniques (metagenomics and metatranscryptomics). 01 May, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000023-jcees.php For a country of millions, traffic congestion significantly reduces the economic productivity. This statement holds true for most urban areas of the world, especially Dhaka, the mega-city of Bangladesh. An area of Dhaka which has a lot of potential in terms of both as a residential and commercial region, is undoubtedly the suburb of Uttara. Along with being adjacent to the airport on one side and having a link to industrial areas like Gazipur and Savar on the other, it also has residential amenities in its numerous blocks, making it a colony for traffic congestion. 30 Apr, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000022-jcees.php We live in a time of great uncertainty-caught in the transition from a bold and passionate optimism about the future to a deep skepticism and spirit of nihilism about finding any universal ways for mankind. We live in a Postmodern time. This paper contains a descriptive note of the various phases, facets, ideas & ideologies behind the postmodern movement in art and architecture. It deals with the origin and evolution of the postmodernism. A contrast between its predecessor, modernism and postmodernism has been drawn to understand the underlying reasons triggering the change. The major characteristics defining postmodernism has been provided together with a brief mention of the major contemporary artists and their artworks. 14 Mar, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000021-jcees.php This research evaluates the collapse loads of slab supported on orthogonal sided frames with beam/ column joint fixed. Two frame models were investigated (one with moment of resistance of slab (MRS) > moment of resistance of beam (MRB) and the other with moment of resistance of slab (MRS) &lt; moment of resistance of beam (MRB). 16 Feb, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/doi10.17352-2455-488X.000020-jcees.php The well managed successful waste management programme increases the health and environmental quality of the country. This survey examines the status of Solid Waste management at metropolitan city, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (Koyambedu market and Madhavaram poultry farms). This survey is helpful for the people to make awareness about waste management. A pretested and self-administered questionnaire was used for primary data collection covering 100 peoples which were selected randomly. Data were analyzed according to the descriptive statistics. Different organic wastes comprising plant and animal constituents such as vegetable waste- lady’s finger, Brinjal, Radish, Beans carrot, chow-chow, beetroot, clustered beans, snake gourd, tomatoes, egg shell, feather, skin etc. The results also showed that 58% of the households were not aware of waste recycling, reuse & reduction. 03 Feb, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-4-119.php United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a nation which is gifted with abundant reserves of oil and natural gas, thus occupying seventh position in the world. Because of its vast reserves, the oil sector plays a pivotal role in running the economic system of nation. Though the country has been making steady progress in other industries such as real estate, tourism, aviation etc. the oil industry holds the key role in its sustenance and development. However, at the same time the world is threatened by the rapidly depleting natural resources like coal and petroleum. While on the other hand their demand is on a sharp rise, due to the constantly growing population and their needs. The capital city of UAE, Abu Dhabi too is witnessing a steeply rising population level due to several factors like immigration of expatriates. With the growth in population, the pressure on the available resources is increasing exponentially. 26 Jan, 2018 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-4-118.php The construction an industry everywhere faces problems and challenges in the developing countries, this is study aim to improve the manpower of performance and safety of the construction firms. In this project work analyses the safety and manpower performance in the construction firms in additionally the lot of literatures review and build the questionnaires to conduct the survey in the field of constructor. When it is use collect data among the 25 workers to know the risk factors and statistical analysis to give some suggestion still had been reducing the fatigue of workers and increasing facilitate for the work hence develop as well as improve the performance of manpower and performing every construction work in a safe manner. 08 Nov, 2017 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-3-117.php Construction professionals and craftsmen are expected to exhibit high level of professionalism by adhering to their professional ethics when discharging their duties. This study observed that unethical professional practices and poor craftsmanship on construction projects consequences are evident in the Nigerian Construction Industry (NCI). 26 Jun, 2017 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-3-116.php On 24 August 2016, a magnitude of 6.2 earthquake hit the Apennines Mountains in central Italy, devastating the small towns of Amartrice, Accumoli and Pescare del Tronto. At least 293 lives were lost. This is the latest in a series of heavy earthquakes to hit Italy in recent years. 28 Apr, 2017 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-3-115.php Vermicomposting is a biotechnological process, in which organic materials converted as valuable product, vermicompost by earthworms. 04 Apr, 2017 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-3-114.php Building construction industry that deals with the basic requirement of shelter is amongst the most vital of all other sectors. 30 Mar, 2017 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-3-113.php The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) [1] was introduced in Canada to represent a summary measure of ambient air pollution and air health effects. 27 Jan, 2017 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-3-112.php Predictions of climate change have a high interest in semiarid regions like the province of Alicante (SE Spain). 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-2-111.php In this study, Taguchi L8 orthogonal array design was applied to determine the most polluted meteorological conditions in Kocaeli. Meteorological factors were decided as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall in two different levels. Larger is better function was applied for calculation of signal-to-noise ratios. 20 Dec, 2016 https://www.engineegroup.us/articles/JCEES-2-110.php Geoinformatics approach is increasingly used to monitor land use change as well as forest fragmentation due to availability of Landsat satellite data. In Bangladesh many initiatives have been taken to prepare land use maps but forest fragmentation modelling is quite new. 07 Apr, 2016 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-2-109.php The industrial symbiosis (IS) has been becoming increasingly popular from last decade of last century because of its prospect towards safeguarding environment and reducing usage of virgin materials through recycling. After emergence of symbiotic network, industrial clusters followed different approaches and faced different difficulties at their uncovering stages. Some successful symbiotic network showed great promise in reducing usage of raw materials. Policy regarding IS has a tremendous impact on the genesis, emergence, and development of it.. In this study authors tried to review already followed approaches, benefit obtained and problem faced by the industrial owner along with generalized policy framework they needed at the very early stages of IS network. 16 Dec, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-2-108.php The most widely applied marine antifouling's is Tributyl-Tin Self-Polishing Co-Polymers (TBT-SPC), which can keep a surface of ship free of fouling for 5 years by means of a steady release of the TBT toxin. Due to environmental side-effects related to TBT, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided in October 2001 to phase out the use of TBT-SPCs until 2008. There are currently two alternatives on the market that can also offer 5 years of satisfactory antifouling performance. The first alternative, Tin-free SPC, uses the same chemical principle, but instead of TBT, gradually leaches copper-based toxins which are complemented by so-called “booster biocides”. 09 Dec, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-2-107.php The new concrete Standards give rules for in situ checking if the hardened concrete in structure achieved the designed compressive strength according the request the class of concrete. Different concrete elements in structure request the different access during the examinations and different analytical analysis. Using the different examination methods will be the main aim on evaluations of concrete strength, always in comparing with requested design class. Core testing and other nondestructive methods assessing strength of surface concrete are generally less reliable than cores, but less damaged will used for final evaluations. 06 Nov, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-1-106.php This paper aims to provide an innovative scenario for transportation and lowering installation of heavy caissons of 18000 tons for Persian Gulf Bridge. The project is supposed to be carried on in Bohal port from Hormozgan to Qeshm Island in Iran. There is a heated controversy over the suitable scenario to do the operation safely and lower the caissons correctly under sea to position them on their exact location. Due to this a comprehensive study is need to take heed all aspect of the operation. The study will include a discussion on both sides of installation and transportation and give a deep-rooted insight over the excuvation plane for the operation. 29 Oct, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-1-105.php The field of civil engineering is ever expanding where technology grows and advances at a very fast pace. Newer constructional materials are introduced every year to cater to these needs. There are certain naturally occurring cement types that have been found to bear many useful properties such as increased strength and workability and/or reduction in bleeding, segregation and heat of hydration. Examples of such naturally occurring cement include hydraulic lime and powdered surkhi. The paper delves on the various products and technologies that have been developed recently in the area of Civil Engineering. It consists of a discussion on the naturally occurring materials such as low cost paper bricks, bamboo, hydraulic lime and powdered surkhi. 10 Sep, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-1-104.php Cultural barrier is always perceived as the prime challenge for modernizing idle construction markets. Unsurprisingly, most changes in construction hinge on understanding the benefits of sustainable transformation. Persistent attempts in stagnant construction cultures have materialized in some noted changes. Successful sustainable transformation in such economies appears to be chiefly impeded at the execution level. The Kotter's model for change is globally accepted approach for comprehensive implementation of major business transformations. Modern organizational change initiatives typically embrace the notions of Six Sigma in a broader sense. This concept paper propose the use of Six Sigma DMAIC technique for reforming stagnant construction cultures. A case study from a challenged construction market is referred to for potential implication. 02 Sep, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-1-103.php Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is grown in wide climate conditions, which may affect fruit biochemical characteristics such as vitamins, soluble solids and antioxidants. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the biochemical responses of fruit to these climate variables. For this purpose 5 districts of Kashan, Shahrud, Yazd, Kiasar and Sari were chosen to collect fruits. On November 2012, based on a complete block design ripen fruits were collected and quality factors were measured. The results of this research showed that local climate condition significantly (P &lt; 0.01) influenced fruit biochemical characteristics. Fruit collected from Kashan had the highest vitamin C (1.74 mg /100 ml) acidity (pH = 6.6), while the samples from Shahrud had the highest soluble solids (22.13) and titratable acidity (0.04 mg/100 ml). Fruits collected from Yazd showed significant differences in Chl- and carotenoids contents, 0.07 and 0.42 mg/g, respectively, relative to other sites. These results show that arid and semi-arid districts enhance fruit quality. 31 Jul, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-1-102.php Treatment of waste water containing ethylene glycol (EG) by implementing a sequence of two Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) were studied. Reactors were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 48, 24, 18, and10 hours while EG concentration was in the range of 10 mg/l to 1,150 mg/l. Throughout the experiments the ratio of EG Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to total COD was changed from 0.0 to1.0. The maximum removal efficiency of EG was achieved at HRT of 18 hours during the tests and COD removal efficiency varied from 71.7% to 96.7%. 14 Apr, 2015 https://www.engineegroup.us/Civil-Engineering-Environmental-Sciences/JCEES-1-101.php Welcome to the open access, multi disciplines Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences (JCEES). We are delighted to announce that all the original work in the engineering, sciences and environment can be covered under the scope of JCEES. In the Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, we are bringing together the new ideas of different research activities from different fields (chemical, biological, and engineering related to environment and health) to encourage and advance the multidisciplinary research. It has been well known that there is a strong relations/interactions between the environmental compartments (air, water, and soil), and that understanding the chemical reactions and the biological interactions in all the environmental compartments provides insight in making decision on how to protect environment and human health.